Introduction living in towns and cities to one or two centuries ago be regarded as a specific phenomenon beside of rural life. Two hundred years ago proportion of urban population to the rural population were very small. Rural communities were self-sufficient communities and there were a balanced relationship between man, nature and the environment and its natural substrate was understandable and residents, were placed in direct contact with the surrounding nature easily. Now, more than half ...

Introduction The analysis of failure and its effects dates back to forty years ago. FMEA model was first used in  the production of Apollo Spacecraft in NASA in 1960. Then, it was used in nuclear facilities in 1970s and 1980s. In addition, it has been used in the automotive industry since 1977. From 2000 on, it has been regarded as one the most frequently-used methods for assessing risks in all industries. In order to analyze the potential risks of a phenomenon or crisis, reliable...

Introduction Foreword Various forms of art are related to one another in nature as they are all rooted in the manifestation of magnificence (Firuzabadi, et al,. 2011). On one hand, there is architecture with its realization of ideals within the domain of visual and intuitive conception, and on the other is literature and with its depiction of elite thoughts in the realm of intuition. The two have always been wedded in a marvelous exchange, functioning as one inimitable arena for realizatio...

Introduction Making damnad creating reservoir in its backleads to environmental changes in regions around dams.of the most important effects ofdam reservoir in which has been observed in so many eras is beginning of earthquake or change in eras trembling mood and reservoir after supply in h water. This phenomenon has been observed in different eras in the world and has been called induced earthquake or reservoir iduced seismicity and has been considered by engineers and expert in earthquake (...

Introduction Magmatic activities in Iran reached its climax in the Cenozoic era, resulted in widespread volcanic and pyroclastic eruptions all over the country, particularly in the Urumia-Dokhtar magmatic arc and Lut Block volcanic belt in the east of Iran (Fig. 1 A & B).Bala Zard area is located in the Lut desert in Eastern Iran and exposed about 270 Km north east of Kerman city. The study area is situated within longitudes 58°, 43', 00'' to 59&deg...

Introduction Moment resistance frame, bracing frame and shear wall are the most common systems which are used to resist lateral forces in a structure. Research show that using shear wall and moment resistance frame together in a structure can be effective more than other systems. In this system both of shear wall and moment resistance frame can affect each other and also they have advantages of shear wall and moment resistance frame. In this system, shear wall resists lateral forces while mom...

Introduction Population growth and development of cities encourages developers to use urban lands more than ever and so causing more stress to open spaces and specially farm lands around towns. So achieving an efficient method to preserve these lands looks necessary. Experiences of previous decades show that urban development plans and their terms and conditions to preserve gardens and farm lands were not efficient enough and these lands are continuously disturbed by the non-stop rise of the ...

Introduction Improvements in technologies and also mankind's need for different structures has resulted in extensive research in attributes and behavior of materials that in return, results in introducing different types of structures and application of deferent materials (Ahmadi Moghadam et al.,2011 ). Nanotechnology as a key inter-disciplinary technology has created many opportunities in order to fortify the competition in construction industry like building faster, flexible, mor...

Introduction In wake of customer orientation and lean service focusing on reduction of wastes in organizations of utilities, events such as increase in reliability factor, achievement of longer lifetime of supplied services, reduction of service supply duration, tendency for employment of specialist contractors, and integrity of these corporations within a unitary supply chain encourage these organizations to use efficient models for implementation of this chain and do monitoring for continuo...

Introduction Urban management system is like other institutions in the society, and citizens’ exchange and interaction act. People's involvement in civic affairs is of the most commonly way of national development, Utility amazing experience and enthusiasm of the local public administration, the public's desire for greater national stimulate jobs and they rely on local participation to obtain useful results, are willing to partnerships in the country's larges...

Introduction Urban development and governing effects of modernization in the past few decades has been accompanied with a lot of problems and concerns including heavy traffic and reduction of human position in urban areas. This has caused walkways to lose their position day by day and movement of vehicles dominates the urban space. On the other hand, a quick look at the metropolis of Tehran, in particular its districts reveals the weak role of these spaces. Identification of the urban space q...

Introduction One of the activities of developing countries to build their own economic infrastructures, implementation of development projects under the Building and so the principles planning was the essential and necessities special in this design so will extracted at least cost to efficiency. Any engineering structures like an underground tunnel should be answered the aims and their define functions and in period of design and construction have special safe and economic conditions. Risk...

Introduction Generally, scour at bridge piers is divided into two categories of general and local scour. If the riverbed in bridge construction area washes out and takes a lower level than the upstream natural riverbed level, general scour has occurred. The local scour is riverbed elevation decrease around the constructed structures in comparison to the bed level, after occurrence of the general scour. Local scour around bridge piers occurs as a result of a vortex flow system which is in turn...

Introduction  Attend to our innate human desire is always a certain tendency towards and tourism has been so trying to add science, knowledge and familiarity with different cultures, travel far in order to closely control this important tradition. The journey is the most dynamic and most diverse human activities affecting the common era, which is trying to promote, addition economic development, to strengthen social interactions. Tourism can be one the richest and high-income sectors...

Introduction The railway sector, an important part of the transportation system is one of the country, And plays an essential role in the development of different regions of the country, which depends on the volume of freight transport and transfer of goods between major cities, ports and industrial centers and transportation of passengers, especially in urban areas. The annual cost of railway construction and maintenance spend a lot of it A railway safety, including passenger comfort also de...

Introduction Seismic isolation systems, in structures and bridges, provide horizontal isolation against horizontal provocations of seismic vibrations. Double concave fraction pendulum bearing (DCFP) is an innovative seismic isolation system from earlier friction pendulum system. Most of the studies and designs are concentrated on straight bridges, and curved bridges are rarely discussed, while considering the topography of the site of the bridge and some special circumstances, it's...

Introduction The ultimate strength of a vertical pile under a lateral load and its displacement are among complex issues in foundation engineering, and one of the issues discussed in soil-structure interaction. In fact, a pile which is almost a rigid member interacts with the soil which shows an elastic or plastic behavior in different ranges of displacement (Broms, B. 1964a). The methods of determining the ultimate strength of a pile under a lateral load and its displacement are associate...

Introduction Mojen province, in the southern slopes of eastern alborz, is located within 35th kilometer of north western area of shahroud in bastam, in semnan province, with a height of 2060 meter from sea level. The graphical scale is located between from 36/22/30 to 36/30/00, northern and height of 54/37/30 to 54/45/00, eastern. According to the records from the national weather forecast, the weather of this area, overall it is cold in winters and has mildly warm summers. Mojen is a mountai...

Introduction Construction of stone column is so common to improve soft soils such as clay, silt and silty sands which have proven to be compatible with environment (Keykhosro poor, L, 2011). Stone columns were first used in France in 1830, and they are widely used in other countries since 1950. In Iran at first it was used by the Ramming method, and since 2004 vibration technique was used in building stone columns (Etezad, M., et al, 2005), (Hughes, J.M.O and withers, N.J, 1974). In 1974 beha...

Introduction SSIIM is initial for :  Sediment simulation in intakes with multi –block option ,This software is a numerical method for using it in engineering of Reviver, Environment Engineering, Hydraulics Engineering and Sediment . The first aim of preparing this software was to Simulation exercises in channel geometry and river, Later, This software  of sediment was used for other subjects of   Hydraulic modeling of overflow, the energy is lost in tun...

Introduction Water supply network is intended to supply water to consumers. Water supply network systematically is divided to three parts. Branch networks Annular networks Hashed networks It is used both networks to water supply of cities practically because making structure of annular networks is very expensive and no commotions. In fact they are many annular and branch her works in hashed networks [1]. Unfortunately there are not any systematic design in Bandar Abbas water su...

Introduction It is impossible to handheld computing of dam analysis due to existence numerous complexity in the interaction between related parts to dam. Hence the use of numerical tools such as finite element methods has become a standard principle in the dam engineering. Remarkable developments in software and hardware technology, allows to dam engineers to perform sophisticated numerical analysis with a high speed. Numerical simulation model of the dam-foundation system have been developed...

Introduction Vana village places on 65-km Amol town and 85-km Tehran. It is located along with Haraz River across the Haraz road. Itُs work include Figure of "shah vana" in border of Haraz River. Also, there is an ancient shrine (offspring of Imam) at Vana that is registered nationality. It has natural landscape and suitable tourism, regions which can become to a good tourism place. In present paper, we tried to introduce one of the lithography of "Ghagar era&...

 Introduction In seismic structures upgrading, one of the lateral force reduction caused by the earthquake is use of dampers. During an earthquake, high energy is applied to the structure. This energy is applied in two types of kinetic and potential (strain) to structure and it is absorbed or amortized. If structure is free of damping, its vibration will be continuously, but due to the material damping, vibration is reduced. Input energy caused by earthquake to structure is presented...

Introduction The Persian Garden is a cultural, historic, and physical phenomenon in the territory of Iran. In addition, the Persian Garden had a significant effect on other areas of Iranians’ arts such as carpentry, calligraphies, painting, Islamic philosophy and so forth. Because of the extent of this phenomenon, a wide range of experts inevitably deal with the Iranian garden. It has been showed off not only in physical and most practical forms of art such as carpentry, but also in...

Introduction The result of the art masters and ancestors' centuries of experience in this land is the monuments which are referred to as "Iranian Islamic architecture" at present time. The identity crisis and the increasing irregularities in the face of contemporary cities and buildings manifest the value lies in our ancients' experience more than ever before. The historical separation of the contemporary era from the achievements evolution of architectural p...

Introduction Since rainfall is a spatial and temporal variable and its measurement is difficult in different locations, in short-term periods and requires high costs, therefore it is necessary to identify and use an appropriate tool for monitoring the amount of rainfall using measurement of scarce stations and exact interpolation of provided information. There are various methods for studying and zoning changes of the rainfall that each of them has a variety of accuracy depending on the circ...

Introduction Most countries in all around the world put the attempt to determine the plant species which were under the endangerment of extinction. In Iran the list of flowering plant flora provided for conservation of nature was represented by Jalili and Jamzad in 1999. Iran is well known for its high diversity in flowering plant flora, with total number of ca. 4000 species, of which ca. 1400 are endemic (Jalili A. and Jamzad, Z., 1999). Since the observation about plant species in ecology c...

Introduction Due to the increasing consumption of metals in industries, exploration and extraction of new ores are inevitable. According to the completion of high grade reserves and reduction of the grade of ores extracted from mines in recent years, advances in mineral processing for concentration of complex ores was a subject of researches for these industries. However, flotation is a prevalent method for enrichment of most minerals, the high operating costs forced scientists and engineers ...

Introduction Nowadays, there are provisions and facilities in life of human being that are called lifelines regarding their vital and significant role; and mankind has always tried to maintain them even in emergencies in order to guarantee his life. Among such lifelines, the oil, gas and water pipelines are of prime importance which are usually installed in buried form. The buried pipelines usually pass through various geographical regions and thus they face numerous kinds of geotechnical haz...

Introduction Desert areas provide hard and tough living conditions and living there requires special measures which raise man to challenge. Due to abundance of desert area in our countries, human being is forced to find certain solutions for living in such areas. Gift of thinking which has been endowed by God to the human is a tool for finding solutions in this matter. It’s required to have comprehensive and thorough understanding over living conditions of the area in order to styli...

Introduction In recent years, due to urban development and growth of construction, with attention to the issue of earthquake, many seismic systems with their own feature are used to control the lateral loads. Selection of resisting system against lateral loads depends on combination of loading, the structure behavior, conduction of gravity loads, geographic area, construction method, structure geometry, limitation of regulations, maximum displacement and etc. Many structural systems has been ...

Introduction Industrial single-story single- or multi-span frames with gable roofs are used to cover large spans in factories, warehouses, repair shops, garages, and aircraft hangers. In the not so distant, trusses were used to cover large spans; however, frames with variable cross-sections and moment-resisting connections are now widely-used in industrial structures. Column is a member of frames. Their design is important for a structure to stay in its place under the loads. Theoretically...

Introduction While about 3.3 billion people in the world (60% of total population) live in the cities, rapid and increasing growth of urbanization, particularly in developing countries have different consequences affecting the economic, social, physical, and environmental aspects. One of these is the incremental growth of about 20 percent related to consumption and energy demands in cities during the past three decades. Further, it is predicated that the growing trend will continue until 2035...

Introduction The natural soil existed in site of structures is not always suitable for supporting of that in a properly manner. Clay minerals can cause different problems in various projects due to their high water absorption and retention and being fine- grained. In other words, most of problematic soils, except liquefiable soils, have been constituted from clay minerals, so it is necessary to reclaim them. In this study, clay soil with low plasticity index (CL) has been investigated. Use of...

Introduction At first glance structure only provides stability of the building, and it cannot be the creator of architectural space. But, such an approach creates the border between structure and architecture. In the past, due to lack of coordination between structures and architecture and due to the structural limitation many buildings did not finish and in fact architecture had lost its identity and become a horizontal and vertical cover to the building structure. Also in cases of lack o...

Introduction Manufacturing of plastics requires multiple amounts of petroleum; affect the environment harmfully (Bubacz and Goldsbery, 2014). The term “biomaterials” includes chemically unrelated products that are synthesized by organisms under different environmental conditions Luengo et al., 2003). Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) linear structure made biologically by diverse set of repeating ester bond units, where poly 3-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) made by hydroxybutyrate un...

Introduction “Buildings make the earth, the landscape of dwelling, closer to the human”. This expression of Heidegger puts settlements and homes on an equal level, and take the same importance for all buildings, with the divers large degree.1 People daily experience various spaces. From this point of view, all these spaces must provide the conditions that can match with qualities of human presence. Workplace, due to its close relationship with the human future and...

Introduction Since the spaces that children are the only users, consider as the most vulnerable spaces against earthquake, so need to think accurate and at the same time, practical about the safety of these spaces. The purpose of this research is creating practical solutions for the safety of kindergartens. The research questions that arise are:   1) How can make safe the kindergartens against earthquake? 2) Can kindergartens be secure against earthquakes for users of these spac...

Introduction Every environments have a soul or space that takes effect from each existing element of the environment. Human in first seconds of entering to a space, without checking each element separately, through unconscious perceptions, achieves a total impression that shows the dominant soul of the environment. In process of thinking and perception there was always dominance of the sense of eyesight to the other senses and the most problems of contemporary architecture rooted in domina...

Introduction Seismic isolation systems are a proper solution for reducing the adverse effects of earthquake on structures. When the objective is to protect structural members or important equipment in a building, it is possible to use seismic isolators to limit the transfer of the energy produced by ground vibratory motions to the building. In this method, as an earthquake occurs, structural deformations are concentrated on highly flexible bearings and the structure experiences vibrations as ...

Introduction One of the obvious differences between animal and human is creativity. Perhaps God gave human ability of being like himself with the knowledge that has gotten to human. One of the sides of human's likeness with God is the human's power of innovation and creativity. Development and human progress is due to intellectuals' efforts and their creativity. If researchers want to compare and evaluate communities in aspects of ability of creating positive changes i...

Introduction Originality and Significance of Subject "In animal, plant and mineral climates, there are interesting structures that are undoubtedly the basis of construction projects and innovation in architecture" (Senosiain, 2003). Man during his life on the Earth, from Adam till now, has known that nature is a life-giving and mysterious resource, and has always tried to discover all of its dimensions, including the expression of nature in art. Nature has always been one...

Introduction The studies on the distribution of mass, stiffness and resistance of irregular structures, have been carried out in heights much lower than the ones used in research on the impact of torsional irregularity in the plan. In previous studies, the height irregularity caused by discontinuities in the distribution of mass, is considered as stiffness and resistance in the height. However, the results of many studies and the regulations and terms in this regard clearly show the importanc...

Introduction The policy of urban development in the world means promoting the productivity and optimizing the use of lands and urban development possibility, especially in big towns and metropolises and also promoting access level of old and distressed textures’ residents to urban and social services. Inner-urban development policy, due to reducing costs of preparation, maintenance, police and security and easy access to city's municipal services has a comparative advanta...

Introduction By daily increase in the number of vehicles in the world and the necessity of providing traffic facilities, as well as increasing in vehicles' speeds, the issue of preparing standards both for the vehicles braking system and road pavements has been in consideration. Nowadays the most developed countries have provided codes of practice and implemented them. Considering intercity and rural roads in areas like intersections, curves, etc., the greater the friction coefficient...

Introduction Most cities in the world with natural disasters such as earthquakes are facing. It is usually by making in the privacy of the fault and negligence of criteria and standards for the construction, be intensified. Being Iran in the Alps and Himalaya organic belt, which is one of the world's youngest organic zones, make, Iranian plateau in terms of seismicity be very active [Yazdanbakhsh, 2004]. According to the data available , in every 10 years in Iran between 2 to 3 earthq...

Introduction Human beings and other living creatures have been effected by their environment and had different suitable reactions in different environment. The existence of a relation between humane behavior and their environment would be undeniable. Regarding the population, social and cultural fluctuations and people blending together, changes in attitude toward environment, visual and structural characteristics would be essential. Naturally along with paying attention to the interior atmos...

Introduction In formation of residential buildings, doctrinal issues of Iranians such as self-esteem and respect for private life have unchallenged effects. By placing architecture parts around a central open space (Mian sara), architect cuts the direct relation of building with its outside space. (Pirnia et al., 2010). So they have created houses with enclosed spaces and a quiet space out of other’s sight, for residents. Wherever, it is talked about privacy and introversion, uncons...

Introduction Since the industrial revolution, technology is constantly evolving with industrial practices. Technological innovation, advances in the automotive industry, reduction in transportation costs, and developments in the deindustrialization trend of the urban environment have led to the relocation of industrial centers from urban cores to marginal agricultural land (Stratton, 2000). One of the outcomes of the relocation of industries is the broad expanse of land remaining from relo...

Introduction Experimental observations show that all velocity profiles in a turbulent shear flow (like Flow in open channels and pressure) divided in to parts (areas) on a straight line. The Disturbances internal area is affected with floor directly and external area is affected by shear stress and floor indirectly. The internal part divided three regions slow layer, middle layer and overlapping layer. While the change in internal part to external area is gradual, the overlapping layer is acc...

Introduction From the perspective of urban planning, designing modern cities are depended on car. However, this type of urban planning had reduced life quality by removing life’s mobility and good relationships between people in society and so that separation of peoples from public association caused reducing in social interactions, while walking on the sidewalks caused a lot of positive interactions between city peoples. On the other hand, the confusion and chaos in landsc...

Introduction In today world we will see the fast speed of technological development. One of these technological development is in engineering softwares. Each earthquake engineer knows MATLAB and seismosignal, The two famous software’s. MATLAB use acceleration data to plot A-T graphs and velocity, displacement data to plot V-t and D-T graphs. But Seismosignal use acceleration data file only and plot three previous graphs. SO it uses formulas to calculate velocity and displacement dat...

Introduction Efficient Signal control plays a primary role in increasing traffic capacity and reducing signalized intersection delay. Increased traffic capacity helps reduce congestion, which in turn eliminates the need to widen roadways, thereby improving efficiency while maintaining a smaller roadway footprint (Cesme, 2013). Actuated signal control is very efficient for isolated intersections but among arterials it lacks the means to synchronize signals, leading to frequent stops (FHWA, 200...

Introduction Regarding to development of oil and gas extraction platforms in the country, it is important to correctly and certainly design the structures. The force should be computed correctly for precise designing offshore structures. One of the most important forces on the marine structures is the wave force. Since some marine structures such as oil storage platforms, tankers and or break waters have elliptical or semi-elliptical hulls, it is very important to correctly estimate the force...

Introduction Optimizing the energy consumption is one the most central topics in literature of world energy and, nowadays, reduction of the fossil energies consumption has been regarded as an energy recourse. One of the most important ways of energy consumption is replacing the current technology by those systems which use renewable energies as energy resource instead of fossil fuels. The most widespread application of the renewable energies is their use for heat production relating to bio-fu...

Introduction In the last two centuries, whit the growing of urbanization, the pattern of building house has gradually changed in different countries. In fact, urbanization of human settlement in the cities over the years. Along whit the growth of urbanization in Iran, the policy of Mass Housing productions in the form of residential as a way of responding to the need for housing is expanded rapidly. (Azizi and Malek Mohammad Nezhad 2006) Housing policy and Mass making in Iran involve the i...

Introduction Seismic isolation is a technique used to reduce the effects of earthquake ground shaking on structure, their components and protect them from damaging. In this technique we use some hardwires that I will describe later to reduce structures lateral movement(Drift).1 How do Seismic Isolators Work? These hardwires reduce the period and acceleration of structure. So increase the frequency and reduce forces applied to floors according to Newton second law and following formulas....

Introduction The larger the cities of our country and their populations get, the more important the issue of environmental pollution becomes. Thus, sewage, which is one of the main causes of environmental pollution, needs to be collected and removed from cities, purified, and returned to the water cycle in the nature. Sewage treatment plants and sewer pipes are mostly made of concrete. Biogenic sulfuric acid corrosion of concrete as a result of the waste present in sewers poses a problem t...

Introduction In the past few years, there have been numerous studies on earthquake engineering all of which endeavor to identify this natural phenomenon and to provide solutions for reduction of consequent damages and costs. These studies have led to significant and positive results but they do not show the end of discussions and scientific demands of human beings in regard to complicated phenomenon of earthquake. Due to presence of water reservoirs near the faults, residential regions and ci...

Introduction Bridges are obviously vital elements in transportation. Their function during flood phenomenon is specifically important. Installation of piers across rivers alters the local flow field, which is usually accompanied by a sediment- carrying capacity that generally leads to formation of scour holes around the pier. The scour holes threaten the safety of bridge. In a study published by the federal highway administration (FWHA) it is expressed that among 383 bridges failure caused by...

Introduction Studies have shown that lack of attention to the climate and its impact in buildings, increase the use of mechanical systems in building to provide comfort conditions, this causes not only an increasing in the costs of families, also brings damage to the environment. As regards,  about 15 to 20 percent of the country's total energy consumption of residential units sold, (H. Afshar, Ali Akbar Taghvai, 1392), Taking steps to reduce energy consumption in this area w...

Introduction one of important matter that swayed economy and social condition in recent ages is the appearance of different cities, new towns, development of old cities, growth of inhabitants in town and finally city development for reaching to city development, city administer is the important tool. City extension that made from organization of factors, forces and resource for manage the affairs and answer to citizens needs and include: consequence of plan, perform, oversee and control; city...

Introduction In the course of history, architecture has always presented the manifestations of different social attitudes. There has always been a strong link between architecture and social evolutions. Many changes have also occurred to architecture as a result of social changes. Some of these changes can be observed in the present age which is the age of information. The current age, as the age of computers and the Internet, has made significant changes to the trend of evolution of architec...

Introduction One of the existing problems in construction matter and expansion of urban regions is the outbreak of innumerous ruptures in ground surface. This phenomenon that is mainly associated with ground subsidence, in geotechnical engineering is known as land subsidence. The phenomenon of ground subsidence and rupture has been observed in different regions of the world. For primary study of the subsidence and rupture phenomenon, three general geotechnical elements could be considered ...

Introduction As there are many brick building in Iran, and such structures are highly vulnerable to the earthquake, a good understanding of the behavior of structural elements and components of these structures might contribute to improve their performance. Note that due to the low cost of materials, there are more prevalent in rural areas and small towns. Therefore, this study is aimed to determine and asses the behavior of beam in a brick building. To do so, the performance of brick shea...

Introduction The activated sludge process is one of the biological wastewater treatment methods which are used widely in the industrial and sanitary wastewater treatment. Aeration tank and final sedimentation tanks are the two main components of this process (Nelson et al., 2009). Variable flow, mass loading and other characteristics of the wastewater entering to the treatment plant, proportional to time, complicates the activated sludge process (Barnett et al., 1995). The complexity of the w...

Introduction Lateral load-bearing systems should have the level of stiffness and strength required for preserving and controlling the lateral deformations of buildings. The increase in lateral deformations of buildings not only leads to an increase in the damage caused to structural elements, but also threatens the stability and story mechanism. The concentrically braced frame system is one of the most common lateral load-bearing systems. There are two types of this system depending on the...

Introduction Side weirs are amongst hydraulic structures used for varied purposes in water transfer systems, irrigation networks, drainage, surface water collection systems, sewers and wastewater discharge ducts, and water and sewerage treatment plants. Diverting surplus discharge in rivers and channels is among other applications of side weirs. Moreover they are constantly and widely used for specific impounding of rivers or channels. The flow in the weirs is a spatially varied flow (Borghei...

Introduction Flood is an integral and natural part of people's life in all urban and rural societies. Some floodwaters are seasonal and mainly happen in summer or at the beginning of spring, and quickly transfer a significant amount of runoff resulting from rainfall and snowmelt to rivers in the drainage basin. Some other floodwaters are sudden and abrupt, uprise along the river and lead to the washout and corrosion of all barrios in the way. Construction of reservoirs is one of the s...

Introduction The modern style of architecture has had many influences on Iranian urban designing, leading to belittling of quality in linear city spaces in favor of quantity and ease of transportation. What were not considered in new approaches were the soul of living and daily happening in city spaces; in fact successful city designing has to consider both physical and spiritual factors of daily living in each of the city structures. Bridges are one of the linear city spaces that are unde...

Introduction Ornament is a kind of imitation from nature. In the creation of human being and other creatures and also in the creation of the skies and the earth, there is ornament (Javadi, 2006, p. 53). Javadi further argues that human imitation from nature is a kind of model making which influence all dimensions of human life such as portance, cloth, adornment and etc. He argues that modern thought has been effected by humanist thought which underwent huge changes and transformations with di...

Introduction The meaning of art is inclined in a wide range from content to form and vice versa and is swinging between the two extremes. Hence in any field of art different degrees of membership can be located. The art of architecture is located at the center of the range and observes form and content simultaneously. Architecture transpires when boundless space gets restricted by architectural elements. When visual sculptures implying different places with applications differing from each...

Introduction Martin Heidegger, German contemporary philosopher has defined art term meaning creation, production and training: "Architecture is an art where creative talent of human reaches its peak integrity."It seems that architecture has more ability compared to other arts in comprehensive determination of an era human mood and expression of human inner and outer world (though symbolic and abstract) and presents quantity and quality of human life with specific language li...

Introduction ‘VAKAR’ in Pahlavi language which has changed to ‘bazaar’ during centuries. ‘BIZAR’ and ‘BIAZREH’ were equivalents for the word ‘bazaar’ in ‘Arabic. (Adib Saberi, 1985) Also, the word ‘bazar’ in French is derived from Portuguese, which had been borrowed from Persians. (Dehkhoda, 1987) Bazaar’s history could be attributed to the Medes age. ...

Introduction Discrete event simulation is a well-established approach in the field of construction engineering and management (Martinez and Ioannou, 1999). Simulation is an effective tool to be used for the planning purposes in the feasibility studies as well as during project execution. There are several simulation packages designed for the construction industry. Probably, the most famous one is CYCLONE developed by Prof. Halpin in 1970s and since then there are many advancements in CYCLONE ...

Introduction Referable to the low bearing capacity, soft grounds (soil group IV, Iran’s 2800 code) have no remarkable capability of loading. Considering the interaction between the foundation, the structure and the soil around the base of support structures considerably compared with the actual behavior of structures with rigid support is changed, In the structural analysis and design, civil engineers, do not often pay attention to the influence of the ground settlement under founda...

Introduction In recent years, attitude to displacement rather than forces is considered to investigating the earthquake effects in structures. Although still many regulation of building design against earthquake tend to use force to analyze the seismic effects on structures. In general, the four criteria of design regulations can be presented as follows: 1)Resistance criteria, by considering this criteria, each structure member should have essential strength to load share which is reached ...

Introduction Protecting water resources as the most vital substance for human need has been considered increasingly by different international assemblies. Population growth, which leads to excessive utilization of scarce water resources on one hand, and their contamination due to a variety of biological, agriculture and industrial activities of mankind on the other hand have activated the alarm of water crisis in the years to come. Therefore, preserving the physical, chemical and biological q...

Introduction The environment has been put in danger by unsustainable disposal of waste. This vulnerable issue is about the serious problems of environment in the world of today. The existing dominant methods of unprotected waste dumping anywhere has caused serious problems for the human health. This problem will bring irreversible consequences if its not managed properly. Great technological advances have been emerged recently. Geographical Information System (GIS) is among the technologies w...

Introduction Today, industry and technology have a special and important position in each country. The economy of a country is mostly related to its industrial and technological productions. Although, development in the industrial fields has brought special privileges with it, but it is accompanied with serious problems for communities as well (Fahimi, 2000). One of these problems is the sullage resulted from the activity of industrial units (Chalkesh Amiri, 2010). Since the improper disposal...

Introduction Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which deformation of non-cohesive saturated soils happens in untrained conditions affected by transient, monotonous or repetitive disturbances. In this phenomenon, saturated soils thoroughly lose their strength and rigidity due to the heavily inflicted stress. This stress can be owing to rapid changes in the stress status of soils. This issue is frequently reported in saturated soils, limp soils (low density or not concentrated), and sandy soils. T...

Introduction Man has been always trying to reach his eternal place i.e. the heaven which the place of rest and peace. Human’s soul has been always trying to find peace among his everyday life and in order to get it, it needs to compare his life and environment with his final desire i.e. heavens.so he needs to prepare a life style without stress and psychotic pressures. This research analyses both positive and negative effects of the environment on human’s soul. At first...

Introduction Industrial development has direct relation with industry and technology at one hand and destruction and pollution on the other hand. Management of dangerous wastes has become one of the most serious problems of the world today with the emergence of industrial societies and the increasing reliance of human societies on industry and industrial processes, and therefore, pollution analysis and reducing its destructive effects to a reasonable extent and toward sustainable development ...

Introduction Combining plants with architecture, even roof gardens are not a new idea. Ancient people have benefited from the physical properties of soil and vegetation to make their houses cool in Africa and kept their houses warm in Europe. However, word “green roof and wall “is an unfamiliar expression for many people in Iran and even many specialists have not enough insight and awareness of it. Moss, lichen, grass have been observed in buildings in different geographic...

Introduction Rural and urban context react differently to processes of momentum transfer (air flow), energy (solar heating) and mass (precipitation). These differences are principles for unique combinations of moisture, thermal, radiative and aerodynamic properties of locations which effects how rural and urban surfaces regulate and partition  existing energy (T. Oke, 1987). In turn, energy partitioning affects the thermal fluxes of these surfaces and of the surrounding layer which t...

Introduction  Desert with a huge domain of areas and different cultures displays various magnificent architecture styles. Desert vernacular architecture which is appreciated as a model for sustainable architecture and energy efficiency, In fact, has been created by the result of a collaborative effort considered local constraints and available resources. Vernacular architecture is a type of construction that can be used as a model in terms of stability, as the goals which are the bas...

Introduction Concrete buildings include a high amount of existing buildings of the country. A considerable percentage of these buildings require more retrofitting, Seismic rehabilitation and maintenance due to couple of reasons such as changes in the structure regulations, building Implementation bugs, application change and etc. In this research usual retrofitting methods for concrete structures in Mazandaran were compared and TOPSIS model which is a multi-criteria decision making model were...

Introduction The growth of technology and industrialization in last decades made the air pollution issue one of the most serious environmental challenges for megacities. Because of overpopulation of such urban areas, this problem could have devastating consequences on individuals’ daily life.6 The concentration of pollutants in Tehran, the capital of Iran, usually exceeds the international standards. This city could be considered as one of the most polluted cities of the wo...

Introduction Persian garden is the visualize from Iranian beliefs. Iranian always tried to create different gardens base on function or forms and elements.13 On Safavid powerful period, transmission the capital of reign from Qazvin to Isfahan, shaped Isfahan as a garden city and formed the axis named Chaharbagh with Tajir gardens.(gardens that closed with grid walls). Safavid, by creating political and economical security20 shows their power to people and travelers. Persian ...

Introduction The study area is located in the northeast of Torud, 120 km of the south of Shahroud County, a suburb of Semnan Province. This area is located in a region with latitude of 35 to 36 and longitude of 54 to 55 . It is shown on the map of Troud (Fig. 1) at a scale of 1:250000. Moreover, considering the geological divisions of Iran, this region is situated in Central Iran. The best access to the region is provided by the Shahroud-Troud asphalt road.   ...

Introduction More rapid development of nanotechnology led to entering nanomaterials into human life, the environment or ecosystem (Murr et al.,2004). Because nanomaterials are everywhere in our environment concerns about their impact on human health is one of the fundamental issues(Amato,2001). Kupffer cells known as liver macrophages and be resident macrophages in the liver (Crispe,2011).The main role of kupffer cells is phagocyte foreign materials, safety, supervision and regulation of phys...

Introduction In recent years, many studies have been done in order to design base plates as well as to predict their behavior and to know stress distribution under them. Based on study done by Swiatek and et al, if the column is undergone high pressure, it is not necessary to use permanent vertical stiffener plates on base plates and it is better to use thicker base plates. In a study has been done by Murry(1983) on designing small-dimension base plates supporting I-shape columns under light ...

Introduction The study area is located at initial longitude of 52Ëš 17’ 56’', terminal longitude of 52Ëš 20’ 21”, initial latitude of 33Ëš 14’ 11” and terminal latitude of 33Ëš 15’ 33” in south and southeast of Beroni Village in southwest Ardestan and northeast Isfahan (] Eftekharnezhad,1980)( Shahabpour,2005) (Figures 1-3). Ardestan is located in northeast of Isfahan and south of Kavir-e Namak at ...

Introduction Free living amoebae including Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, Vahlkampfia, Vannella and Naegleria are small amphizoic protozoan parasites which feed on natural environment contents such as bacteria and fungi. These organisms are resistant to extreme environmental conditions including unfavorable temperature, pH ranges and exposure to chemicals in cyst stage and they transfer to trophozoite when condition became favorable (Stockman et al., 2011) (Pelletier et al., 2011) Free living...

Introduction Biotic and abiotic stresses affect plant metabolism in different by induction of oxidative stress(Apel and Hirt, 2004). Electromagnetic waves transfer energy, so they may affect organisms including plants. Studies revealed that electromagnetic waves have effects on different aspects of plant life such as development and growth, breeding and function of plant cell structure. Depending on frequency of radiation and amount of transferred energy to the plant cell, plant responds diff...

Introduction Petrophysical evaluation is the knowledge of interpretation of data gained from well logs in order of quality evaluation of different parts of the formation and also reservoir zoning to determine the most appropriate zones in order to optimize the exploitation of reservoir and development of oil fields (Tiab, 2010). Studied oilfield is one of the largest oil fields in the Zagros basin in upper Sarvak formation. Lithology determination shale volume (Vsh), total porosity (PHIT), ef...

Introduction The current approach for foreign gene expression and recombinant protein production changes from prokaryotic systems toward plant systems due to the advantages of plants, which include high product quality, very low cost, high scale-up capacity, minor differences of glycosylation, low risk contamination, relatively low ethical concern, and inexpensive storage cost [(Ma et al., 2003)- (Egelkrout et al., 2012)]. According to International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech...

Introduction The determination of paleodepth and even its changes can have many applications in study the depositional environment and also the factors that depend on the water depth (e.g. quantity of elements). Generally, the determination of changes in paleodepth provides an overview of the progression and regression of sedimentary basin during the deposition of considered layers which will be utilized in lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and chemo stratigraphy. There are different ways to...

Introduction Identity from the moment of creation of human is the main issue in his life, each human in the each point of world the first question that created in is mind is that who is and came for what reason?  The identity of each human is not fix in long of his life and will be change, as a result, thing that has connection with his life will be change, architecture is not separate from this category and mutually impact both of the architecture and human identity on each other, t...

Introduction Problem Statement Given the high cost of wastewater collection systems and the key role of these facilities in providing services for citizens and protecting the environment, the appropriate selection of an organ for creating and implementing the wastewater collection systems plays a fundamental role in doing further and faster projects throughout the country. The comprehensive system of municipal wastewater includes the wastewater collection channels and splits as well as the...

Introduction In the last century, formal and academic knowledge has offered technological advances in architecture. For this reason, native architecture has been forgotten and fundamental changes have been arisen in form, shape and even fundamental changes in architectural styles and thoughts are created. Incorrect use of these technologies has created problems in environmental, social, cultural fields and concerned intellectual authorities. Among this, rural areas are of more importance d...

Introduction The availability of sulfur in the last few decades has increased significantly in many countries.Large amounts of sulfur is obtained through refining crude oil and natural gas, sulfur mines, refining sour gas, refining copper from mines, coal refining and even removal of hydrogen sulfide from crude oil and natural gas (Gracia el al., 2004),(Behfarnia el al., 2010),(Kalb el al., 2004) and since a ton of cement generates about one ton of carbon dioxide, producing sulfur concrete re...

Introduction Light is an immaterial essence such as soul in the inanimate body of the architecture which as divine essence is a doctrine for infiltration of divine truth to the materialistic body which is the position of the ego of human being for growth and spiritual development; light is an inductor which not only grants brightness to our world but also binds to gather, the art, religion, science, philosophy beyond the boarders of time and place. In all heavenly books, light is the symbol o...

Introduction In thepresent time, study area is under the influence of a right-lateral transpression regime. Based on the dominant structural trend and the general trend of lithology units, that the mechanism of faults in it show the performance of the shear system and trends of stress of the region consist of two parts:North West to Southeast and North-South (Gholami, 1997). The purpose of this study is to understand the mechanism of formation of duplex and calculating the amount of shortenin...

Introduction During the albian, pre-albian and cenomanaian epochs, the existed shallow marine at the central part of iran has considerably expanded its territory(Seyyed Imami, 1971 and 1997). The stratum at different zons of centeral part of iran prove the occurrence of biogenesis of animals during this era (Mohammadi et al., 2014) , and indicate that this region is situated at central part of iran and at north - west of Abegarm Avag. The outcrops observed at the region under study are approx...

Introduction In today's global movement, promoting democracy, justice, sustainability and social participation has become  around the world as a central axis in planning and political reform. When social groups are actively involved in planning and implementation, It is likely that the program needs, tastes and expectations of citizens and stakeholders be more harmonious ecological and social benefits to help them attain. According to Agenda 21, an essential prerequisite for ...

Introduction This Prediction of travelling rate was the primary data enjoying complexity in this present study. It has frequently been discussed on specifying how many travels occur in a particular region and condition whereas has been introduced new methods to predict it. Making model is the most important methods that are utilized by researchers’ model to discover the specific relationships embedded in the data. The directly predictive techniques are those attempt to predict frequ...

Introduction Sometimes terrifying story of a construction accident- accidents at constructions sites that occur during operation- Published in Iran. Bitter and tragic incidents that kill and injure many individuals and cause considerable property damage and other consequences associated. According to available statistics, more than thirty percent of work-related accidents occur in the building sector and in some areas the figure is even more than sixty percent. Also ,the numbers of incidents ...

Introduction Problem Description : n the current age, the educational centers are among the most important social institute that needs proper educational space in order to correct education of the students. While nowadays, the educational centers are the poor centers that even at the most modern centers any observation of architectural principles and consideration of its main application can not be seen. It leads to turn the child’s spaces into the black and dark space, the space...

Introduction The need for reducing the time of project is observed in the majority of construction projects. This need is caused by the following factors2 Acceleration The need for acceleration is one of the reasons that time reduction techniques are used in projects. The reasons of acceleration can sometimes be economic. It means that the profits made by exploiting the project may be more than the expenses required for acceleration; therefore, it would be required to accelerate the pro...

Introduction One of the basic characteristics of the traditional buildings is their appearance and the coating method used for, in order to achieve such a characteristic, various methods developed, accessible material employed and new thoughts created. Flat roofs were usually created due to locating at specific weather conditions and they have been made by wooden timbers necessarily. “From the past and due to climatic condition, there was no enough wood in Iran to use as a carrier t...

Introduction Various dams have been ever built of concrete or earth-filled structures in the world. Since the early history, the embankment dams have used as a structure for blocking the water flow, water supply, controlling the flow and direction of the destructive seasonal and permanent floods, river flow control, etc. Generally, there are various reasons to prefer the embankment dams rather than concrete ones, particularly the costs of the materials and unique construction site requirement...

Introduction Rapid and imbalanced physical development in urban areas over recent decades has had undesirable economic, social, and physical consequences. One such consequence has been informal and marginal settlement. Thus, due to lack of incorporation into the economic structure of the city, some people are settled in the marginal neighborhoods and slums which can even be called urban villages (Gherekhloo et al., 2010). Lack of order and organization in these settlements usually affects the...

Introduction Chevron braced frame is a popular configuration of the concentrically braced frame which provides many architectural requirements. In general, the performance of these systems is controlled by the buckling of the compressive braces. Buckling of compressive braces imposes the unbalanced vertical force on the intersection of the beam and lead to forming of soft story mechanism (Yang , 2006). In 1989 khatib et al proposed to add zipper columns which connect the brace-to-beam inte...

Introduction Self-compacted concrete (SCC) was first developed by H. Okamura in Japan in 1986. SCC can save labor, eliminate consolidation noise and has an excellent filling and produce high quality concrete structure. Using lightweight aggregates in the concrete mixture, show significant reduction in the self-weight of structure, which result in reduced member's section (Okamura et al., 1996), (Ergul et al., 2003). The developments in the construction industry and the advantages o...

Introduction Every year a considerable amount of Iran's budget will invests in development particularly in water supplies on the other hand so many reasons like shortage in resources will expand the duration of project and this delay will cost a lot more than the considered budget. The mentioned reasons will divide in two categories internal and external problems. External problems are mainly caused by major financial problems and environmental reasons but internal problems generally ...

Introduction Shape memory alloys are a group of alloys that can return to their initial shape and size when they subjected to a restoration process between two phases under the effect of a change in temperature. This phenomenon is named "Shape Memory". The basis on which these alloys behave is very simple so that when they subjected to a specific stress, strains and deformations will be happened , because of their special property, they can return to their original size (and...

Introduction The divine art, from the beginning, has been searching for a place where its followers can congregate in. This congregation, basically to worship god, can enrich the social interaction between followers, especially for those religions that have valued social interactions. Man, as an intrinsic being, as to communicate with his god, needs a place that has celestial and spiritual features to make the ascent of soul and its connection to eternal being possible. Among all the religion...

Introduction If we live in a traditional space for a long time, probably we may become tired of that and it does not please us that much. The reason is that, although cultural aspects and traditional heritage motivate us to visit an old architecture, according to new facilities and current lifestyles, they do not match with us thoroughly. It means, civilization and technology have made us be accustomed to a lifestyle in which lack of facilities in traditional spaces are felt easily. When trad...

Introduction Art as the most sublime aspect of the culture is the place for highest humanistic values and concepts and artists and architects always have attempted to reflect and symbolize the truth of being in their works. In architecture, the natural place is the starting point of recognizing the structures and meaning of the nature. Because, we could obtain motivation and inspiration for the design by its roots and source, formal structure and concepts and Deformation in site represents ar...

Introduction Landscaping, is the art of making relationship between human and its environment which mostly cares about aesthetical perception in human environment, that is care about open spaces and natural environment. Schools campus, which is somehow open space, include physical, artistic, religious, and psychological functions that is placed in high rank from the experts, managers, and authorities point of view (Hamidi, 2006). Therefore, it can play a pivotal role in the spirit and interes...

Introduction According to the researchers' viewpoints in recent decades, the industrialized countries have achieved approximately 50 percent of their production development through improving productivity which is one of the main sources of economic growth in these countries. Productivity deficiency leads to higher inflation and lower economic growth rate. This point shows the necessity for more attention to productivity improvement in industries to achieve economic goals. The current ...

Introduction Starting talking with a word of the Revolution Supreme Leader: "the a concept that can accumulate the Islamic system in it to a large extent and show it to us is the notion of progress...If the overall progress is in the sense of a new Islamic civilization-building, finally there is a objective and external example for progress with Islamic concept; Let's say in this way that the purpose of the Iranian nation and the Islamic Revolution, is creating a new Islamic ...

Introduction The increasingly use of technology by human beings and the progress of different sciences has also included the evolution of air travels. Airport traffic and the wide range of airplanes in number and arrangement of wheels as well as the production of various types of concrete and their application in various construction sectors such as runway pavements and examining them at the time of utilization by existing softwares will result in cost reductions and economic savings during c...

Introduction Dust phenomenon has long been with human society, and certainly human should see this on their side in the future and accept that as with many natural phenomena cannot control it completely. But the important point is that the problems that it creates today with its negative impact have fundamental differences. And of course it is clear that amount and how negative impacts of human activities are quite different from the past. To date several studies on the phenomenon of dust in ...

Introduction Iran has a long history in art of architecture and has a deeply rooted in their belief, values and traditional custom of the people in this country, this Art in the realm of Islamic period, inspired by the Islam’s noble ideas and relying on its own long history experience and use of Muslim beliefs and ideas of architect and artist, Combined is so amazing (Jalili, 2008). Since the time of construction the oldest monument of architecture, Ziggurat ChoghaZanbil which was b...

Introduction Space and location are two words that their position in architecture is beyond modernism and ultra-modernism definitions, which are today attributed to them. These concepts in Jolfa coffee shops, because of their historical position and demographics, have some unique characteristics. In most of these coffee shops, the furniture including the chairs, desks and portrays on the walls mostly remember us a specific concept of the space and for the people who use that place, they creat...

Introduction Nano- technology is a branch in applied sciences that cover a wide field of subjects. The main subject of that is investigation of materials and devices that their dimensions are less that 1micrometeror about 1 to 10 nm. Indeed, Nano-technology can be considered as understanding and applying of new properties of materials and devices in such dimensions that lead to create new physical effects that are due to the effect of quantum properties and classic properties. In the 3rd indu...

Introduction Regarding that annually, in our country about seven million tons of steel and iron and rolled steel pipe is produced, and by considering the fact that along with the production of every ton of steel, 300 kg or a ton of slag will be produced, the importance of this secondary product in other industries will be revealed. Scientific studies on the use of slag in concrete indicates  that the powder of this waste can be used in making concrete as a substitute of cement and it...

Introduction Tourism as a modern industry is rooted in the increase of leisure time for people and is considered as an effective activity in all aspects of development. On the other hand, the growth of modern capitalism in the ultra-industrial era, the appearance of the main features network societies, and the extension of a technological revolution in all fields requires passing leisure time and international tourism plays a significant role in the world economy as a mid-science course to sp...

Introduction Construction is majorly supervised by construction engineering organization in Iran and the organization members, based on issued licenses, can perform their specified tasks. The availability of various tasks and experts in this area has made it possible to minimize the defects of buildings and their linking spaces by creating comprehensive procedures in passive defense. Given that the main factor in raising the construction quality and subsequently the social welfare is enhancin...

Introduction The roads are considering one of the national capitals of the country; as yet several researches concerning routing with low cost is applied. As much as possible design with the limited budget available. The ideal way to shorten the path, is based on the lowest cost. The costs can include environmental costs, the cost of land ownership, the cost of road construction, road user and maintenance, the various studies has been done on quantifying the cost parameters (Hatefi, ...

Introduction Slope failure or landslide is a combination of outer or inner factors which leads to breaking the stones and involving the movement of earth, rock or debris down slope under the influence of gravity. (Shaker et al., 2005) Iran with a mountainous geography seismic activity and various geology and geography aspects is hugely vulnerable to landslides. Landslide as a natural disaster annually causes lots of deaths and damages through the country, 32000 landslides have been declare...

Introduction Often it seems that art is associated with changes in social experience. We see this type of relationship between art and social developments in all cases of evolution. Such as: in case that Society was replaced by former society as a result of war or the territorial. When Evolution is civil and political, the dynamics of the society, in agreement with the community, create a change in the mode of economic production. And when a traditional society evolves and finds him in a new ...